						// NAPOLEONIC WARS MOD 1.0 2006 //
							//1812-1815 ADDON PACK//

							   // BY PROFT //


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MILITARY ORGANIZATION :

I. INFANTRY 

The infantry has been and for a long time will remain the ruler of battles. Around it is articulated the 
army taken as a whole. By its strength is judged the military power of a nation. Only it can win battles 
and exploit the gains thus acquired, which can't be done by the artillery or the cavalry, which are attached
to the infantry to augment its efficiency. 

1. Organization.

A. The battalion.

The basic tactical unit of the period is the battalion. It is normally commanded by a chef de battalion.
It is made up of companies, varying in number and in composition according to country and type of infantry.
Most often four to ten companies constituted a battalion. A company was composed of from fifty to two hundred men,
according to the country. Thus it can be seen that a battalion could be from two hundred to two thousand men,
according to the country and the period. These two ciphers represent extremes rarely met, and the most representative
figure lies between five hundred and fifteen hundred men. Thus a battalion is made up of many companies, and among
them were frequently found one or two companies of a different sort, called elite companies. The most common elite 
company is the company of grenadiers. They are foot soldiers of above average stature and combat experience. They 
support the rest of the battalion physically and, more important, morally. Their uniforms always have distinguishing 
differences. The other elite company which can also be found in the battalion is the light company. The name differs 
from country to country; one may cite without being exhaustive voltigeurs, tirailleurs, chasseurs, translated into 
the different languages. They were men chosen for their agility, specially trained in shooting, often with better 
weapons than the rest of the troop, fighting in a loose formation, that is, as sharpshooters. They too were always
recognizable from certain parts of their uniform. The bulk of the battalion is made up of what are called central
companies, formed of average men of no particular ability. This is the mass of conscripts trained, sometimes very 
summarily, to shoot in salvos and to fight with bayonets. They are called central companies because when the battalion
is deployed in line, the grenadiers are on the right and the light company, if it exists, on the left. In most armies 
the elite companies were frequently taken from their battalions to regroup then in autonomous battalions, in a more 
or less provisional manner. The most typical example was the Austrian grenadiers, who, as far as I know, never fought 
together with their original units but always in made-up battalions with a practically unchanging organization. 

B. The regiment.

The regiment is primarily an administrative entity which doesn't have much significance on the battlefield. It is 
normally commanded by a colonel. It is made up of one or more battalions; in the field the number most frequently 
met with is five battalions per regiment, with one battalion at the home base. The latter, of smaller size, had to 
receive and train recruits for the fighting battalions. Frequently a regiment would have many of its battalions in 
theaters of operation scattered around the world. 

2. The different types of infantry.

There were two different types of infantry during the period, the line infantry and the light infantry. These two
principal types were separated into categories of troops differentiated by their valor in combat.

A. The line infantry.

These are the most numerous. A line battalion is made up of companies of infantrymen not having any particular training,
but often elite companies. They are the main manoeuvering body of the army. They are normally used only in close order
except for elite companies, which may sometimes operate separately. In particular, the light companies made be sent
in advance of the battalion to harass the enemy with fire or for example, to occupy occupied areas, both tasks made
easier for them because of their ability to manoeuver in loose order. An infantryman in a center company of a line
battalion is called his country's equivalent of rifleman, musketeer, line man, etc. The first elite company is made
up almost invariably of grenadiers; the second, if there is one, of voltigeurs, legers, tirailleurs, etc. 

B. The light infantry.

This is, theoretically, an elite troop of which the united battalions are able to perform the tasks which the light
line companies accomplish. A battalion of light infantry is made up of a number of center companies which varies
with different countries, sometimes together with one or two elite companies. The infantrymen of the center companies
are named differently by different companies; one can cite chasseurs, tirailleurs, riflemen, etc. Many countries have
though it good to add to their light infantry units one or two elite companies. The first is made up of carabiniers,
which are the equivalent of grenadiers, and the second, if there is a second, of voltigeurs. 

C. The guard.

In almost every army of the period a small portion of the infantry contained the best soldiers available and in principal
was the ultimate reserve on the battlefield. The units thus constituted bore the title of "guard" and besides an immense
prestige most often enjoyed advantages which were not insignificant. There were also light troops in the guard as well as
normal ones. 

3. The formations of battalions 

A. Principle.

The weapons the infantrymen had in this period were still very primitive, and the firearms, essentially the musket, were
completely lacking in precision. This explains why firing by the infantry had to be done in salvos to obtain sufficient
efficiency. Thus, two hundred muskets firing at the same time could reasonably give rise to the hope that at a distance
of sixty meters ten to twenty percent of the targets would be hit! It was this necessity of delivering an important volume
of fire which led to the close order manoeuvers of the infantry. In addition, the compact mass of men which constituted
the battalion gave to an offensive movement aiming at engaging body to body with the enemy an impact not obtainable with
looser formations. 

B. The line.

The most certain means of putting the adversary out of action being to eliminate him by firepower before coming into close
contact with him, the formation which best permits arriving at this result is the one which permits the greatest number
of muskets to fire at the same time, that is, the line. That is a formation which all countries have employed, where the
companies of the battalion are arranged side by side in an uninterrupted line. The men are generally placed in three ranks,
and the two front ranks can fire while the third is supposed to reload the weapons. It can be seen that with a battalion
of six hundred men in this formation four hundred muskets can be discharged on a front of one hundred fifty meters--
impressive! Another advantage of this formation is its lack of depth and thus its lesser vulnerability to penetrating fire,
particularly from artillery. The major inconvenience of this formation is that it gives but little resistance to a charge,
and it is more fragile against a charge made by a unit in the formation described below. It is essentially a formation for
defending or attacking with firearms. 

C. The column.

This formation consists of placing the unit in many files. There are three main types of columns on the battlefield.
The column for marching is the one which permits the fastest movement to reach the place of combat. It is formed of
half-companies, one marching behind the other. It is not at all suitable for combat. The column of companies is a column
where all the companies are deployed and placed one behind the other. That is the battle formation adopted by many companies,
which subordinates fire power to the momentum which it can give to the impact of a great number of ranks of infantry
advancing on the double. 

D. The square

The infantry is vulnerable to cavalry attacks, the danger from which comes elsewhere than on the front,which has great fire
power. Thus a battalion attacked on its flank or from behind by any cavalry charge is practically lost. To counter this
threat a specific formation was developed, the square. That is a formation where the companies or divisions place themselves
at right angles to each other, facing the exterior of the closed geometric figure thus obtained. The first ranks of soldiers
kneel and hold their bayonets at an angle, and the other ranks can fire while at the same time completing the hedgehog with
their own bayonets. Practically all the countries involved in the period adopted this formation, but the training and
discipline necessary for the rapid conversion into a square often limited the usage to elite troops and troops of the line.
Some countries developed a simpler but also less effective way, the filled square. That is a column which when threatened by
cavalry has the men on the flanks and rear pivot toward the exterior, offering thus a certain amount of resistance to the
attack, even less than with what is called the cross square. It is clear that forming into a square does not permit rapid
movement of the unit because whatever the direction envisaged at least one side of the square has its back turned toward it.
Frequently many divisions form into one great square, and the great square is a virtual fortress. 

E. The sharpshooters.

The term sharpshooter is used here as a generic term to designate the loose formations which certain specialized troops
may adopt in certain circumstances. In reality practically all infantry troops would be capable of manoeuvering in loose
order but with more or less efficiency according to the amount of their training in this particular sport. It consists in
advancing toward the enemy while offering the smallest possible target to their defensive fire. This is done by abandoning
serried ranks, dispersing, frequently changing position, etc. It is clear that agility, initiative, and individual autonomy
should be elevated to obtain good results in this area. That is why all the troops specialized in this sort of combat have
the status of elite troops. On the contrary, troops which have not been specially trained in the method sometimes obtain
disastrous results and succeed only exceptionally. The advantage of fighting as sharpshooters is that the formation is not
very vulnerable to enemy fire. Its major inconvenience is its complete inability support units in close order and its great
vulnerability opposed by enemy cavalry. The formation's essential use is to harass with gunfire enemy units. It is also used
in crossing broken ground which makes advancing in close order hazardous. 

II. THE CAVALRY. 

The cavalry is the noble branch of service. It enjoys an enormous prestige and the brilliant actions which illuminate
its history in the course of the Napoleonic wars have become legend. The period saw the roles of the cavalry diversify
and become specialized. It was no longer confined only to the tasks of scouting, reconnaissance, pursuit, but it became
in addition a redoubtable weapon in combat. Its techniques became refined in a spectacular way in comparison to preceding
centuries and its stricter organization made it the almost indispensable complement of the infantry. 

1. The organization. 

A. The squadron.

It is attached to an infantry battalion and is thus a basic tactical unit. It is generally made up of two companies,
each of them formed of two platoons. In different countries and periods it has had from eighty to two hundred men,
the average being about one hundred twenty. It is commanded by a squadron chief (commander). 

B. The regiment.

The cavalry regiment was made up of from two to ten squadrons in different countries and periods. It was commanded by
a colonel. 

2. Different types of cavalry. 

A. Light cavalry.

As its name indicates, it is made up of lightly armed troops mounted on horses which ideally are agile and tough.
During a campaign the many missions of the light cavalry impose on the horseman and even more on his mount an exhausting
regiment. These missions are to discover the enemy, to reconnoiter, to mask friendly movements, to fight, to pursue the
defeated enemy, cover its army's retreat, etc. During a campaign the effectives of the light cavalry decline more rapidly
than those of the other arms, essentially because of exhausted horses. More is always asked of this arm, which enjoys the
greatest prestige, even among the other cavalry. The principal types of light cavalry are mounted chasseurs, hussars,
light horse, dragoons, lancers, and of course the cossacks, whom everyone considers to be the best light cavalry in the
world. In principal the light cavalry are trained to manoeuver as well in close order as spread out. In most cases they
are armed with a sabre and pistols, often with a cavalry musket, and sometimes with a lance. 

B. Cavalry of the line.

The idea of cavalry of the line is hazy and often not realized in the period that concerns us. The idea is that it
comes between the heavy cavalry and the light, and even in some cases to fill when necessary the role of infantrymen,
an unconventional situation usually expressed by this or that country using its cavalry of the line sometimes as heavy
cavalry, sometimes as light cavalry. The principal type of cavalry of the line is the dragoon. He is generally armed
like the light cavalry. 

C. Heavy cavalry.

The heavy cavalry are the epitome of shock troops. They are use almost exclusively for man to man combat, as well against
the enemy cavalry as against infantry. The heavy horseman, armed with a heavy sabre and pistols, sometimes a small musket,
often helmeted, his torso similarly protected by a cuirass is mounted on a large and powerful horse. He manoeuvers almost
always en masse, in devastating charges, although he is, none the less, capable of certain tasks proper to the light cavalry,
at the same time it would be a shame to exhaust his potential before the battle. The different types of heavy cavalry are
cuirassiers, carabiniers, bodyguards, grenadiers. Often dragoons and heavy dragoons are considered to be part of the great
cavalry. 

D. The guard.

As with the infantry, many countries have created an elite corps from the cream of their cavalry. Whether an object of
prestige or an elite arm, a praetorian guard or an ultimate reserve, the cavalries of guards have played a more or less
important role in some countries. Even more than their fellows in the infantry the cavalry of the guard have benefitted
from considerably greater advantages than their colleagues of the line. Some countries were content with their horse guard
consisting of one or more regiments of heavy or light cavalry, others kept to the idea that all the types of cavalry in the
line should be represented in the guard, still others adopted an intermediate position where only certain types had their
counterpart in the garde. 

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SOME COUNTRIES INVOLVED :


AUSTRIA :

Throughout the Napoleonic period Austria will be the bitterest enemy of France, and in spite of the repeated defeats and
even in spite of a matrimonial alliance, she will be present during the 1814 invasion, and only the rapid and unexpected
defeat at Waterloo will prevent her from taking part in a new campaign against France. During the ten years in which we are
interested the Austrian army will undergo several reorganizations, which we are going to try to detail. 

The austrian infantry comprises three types of troops : line infantry, jägers and grenz. These three types of infantry were
the essential maneuvering force of the Austrian army. We could describe other formations, such as the military frontier
cordon and the troops of the Hungarian insurrection, but as far as we know they were never used outside the empire or in
campaigns against other western powers., so it seems useless to include them in the present account. The Austrian infantry
maneuvers slowly and in the formations inherited from the last century. Its principal fighting formation is the line, and
it fights that way as much for defense as for attack. It is one of the rare infantries which still charges in that formation.
Austrian battalions can also maneuver in column, but only by companies. The division column is unknown in Austrian manuals.
That formation is to be feared when it pierces an enemy formation, but its vulnerability to fire, particularly that of
artillery, makes its employment very delicate. The hollow square is known and used but the slow maneuvering of the troops
makes the filled square often more preferable. Maneuvering in open order is not a strength of the Austrian army, and the
theory and application of that type of combat does not greatly interest the imperial generals. Only troops from the Tyrol
and the frontiers show some dexterity in that technique. Over all the Austrian infantry is good, but it is too slow, too
clumsy for prompt maneuvers when movement is everything in war. 

The Austrian cavalry includes five types of troops, only one of which is a true heavy cavalry, the cuirassiers.
The dragoons are nominally part of the heavy cavalry, but in fact they are average line horsemen. The light cavalry is
represented by the light horse , the light dragoons, the Uhlans, and the hussars. The regiments of heavy cavalry and those
of the line have four squadrons, and those of the light cavalry, six. In 1813-14 some hussar regiments have been increased
to seven or eight squadrons by adding squadrons of volunteers. The squadrons are formed of two companies of one hundred men,
without counting officers etc. The Austrian cavalry is good and can make a good showing. It maneuvers well and when ably used
can be very threatening. Unfortunately the tactical teachings of the general staff too often restrict it to a role which does
not permit it to show its value. 

Its trumps: A large infantry, because not dear in terms of budget games, considering its poor maneuverability. A good
cavalry, made up of large regiments. An artillery, although it's been mentioned, numerous.
Its defects: Slowness, slowness again, always slowness.
Once the battle plan is formed it is almost impossible to change it! The lack of good light troops is felt in spite of
the good behavior of the jagers and the "Grenz". The artillery doesn't have a very high level of efficiency, and there
are no real troops of the guard, in spite of the presence of grenadier battalions which are often, and improperly,
considered to be such. And for a campaign it is necessary to know that the Austrian general staff has many times proved its
inefficiency, that betrayed by its snail's pace, but that can not discourage an aspiring master war gamer! 


BAVARIA :

The army in 1805 
  The army of the elector of Bavaria, ally of France, included 

Ten regiments of line infantry, each containing two battalions of six companies (two of them grenadiers); each company
had about one hundred thirty or forty men. 
Six battalions of light infantry. 
Two regiments of dragoons, each with six squadrons of one hundred twenty men. 
Four regiments of light horse, same composition as the dragoons. 
One artillery regiment. 
The corps of voluntary chasseurs, which existed from 1800 to 1805, following the Austrian model, was disbanded and the
chasseurs put into the light battalions. We shall find that corps again in 1813.

At the end of the year 1805 two new regiments of line infantry were created. The eleventh was transferred to the army of
Berg when that grand duchy was created, and a new eleventh was created. As for the twelfth, it was disbanded for
insubordination and never reformed.

In 1806 a third battalion (at the training camp) was added to each line regiment, with only four companies of riflemen
In 1808 a seventh battalion of light infantry was raised.

Since 1806 the Electorate of Bavaria had become a kingdom and had received the Tyrol, an Austrian province which gave
it incessant insurrections, the most famous being that of the innkeeper Andreas Hofer in 1809.
 
From 1809 to 1812 
  The scenario of 1805 was copied in 1809; the Bavarians, under the command of Marshal Lefebvre, was this time a corps
in the army of Germany, three divisions, each with two brigades of infantry and one of cavalry. In addition a Landwehr
was formed as a mobile legion of eight battalions, each with four companies of one hundred sixty men; these troops did
not actually have to fight, at least in 1809.

After the peace the two regiments of dragoons were converted into light horse and took the numbers one and two.

In 1811 it was the infantry which was reorganized. From then on the line battalions included one company of grenadiers,
one of shooters armed with rifled carbines, and four of riflemen; the effective of the companies remained unchanged.
As for the light infantry battalions, they included one company of carabiniers, one of sharpshooters and four of riflemen,
at the same strength as the companies of line infantry. Finally, a one hundred twenty man regiment of line infantry was
raised, with the number thirteen.

In Russia the Bavarian army was the VI Corp of the grand army, under the orders of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, who won his marshal's
baton at its head. Outside of this corps, four regiments of light horse served with the IV Corps and the thirteenth of the
line was part of the X Corps. The losses of all these troops were heavy during the retreat.
 
From 1813 to 1815 
  During the first part of the campaign of Saxony, before the armistice, the XII Corps had a hastily reconstituted Bavarian
division. It had three brigades, like those of 1812, but the line regiments had no more than one battalion.

In the second part of the campaign Bavaria rejoined the camp of the Allies. After Leipzig Von Wrede unsuccessfully tried
to cut the retreat of the French to the Rhine, leading a corps made up of three divisions, each containing two infantry
brigades and one of cavalry. Each infantry brigade held one light battalion, two line battalions, and two battalions of
Landwehr. The cavalry brigades contained two or three regiments of four squadrons.

At this same time three new cavalry regiments were created; the seventh ("national") regiment of light horse, a regiment
of uhlans with four squadrons, a voluntary regiment of hussars which had five squadrons at first but eight by the spring
of 1814. The corps of voluntary chasseurs was reformed, first with three battalions, each of four central companies (Jaeger),
one company of grenadier Jaeger and one company of shooter Jaeger. During the campaign of France in 1814 the Bavarians
formed the V Corps in Schwarzenberg's army.

After Napoleon's first abdication a fourteenth line regiment was created, as well as a regiment of foot grenadiers of
the guard (three battalions, each of six companies) and a mounted regiment of the bodyguard.

During the hundred days Bavaria mobilized and new corps appeared, the fifteenth line, the second hussars. The corps of
chasseurs was raised to an effective of two regiments. Waterloo intervened before that army, still under Von Wrede, could
actually enter the field.
 

BRUNSWICK :

After the twin disasters of Auerstadt and Jena, the Duchy of Brunswick was disolved and incoperated into the new kingdom
of Westphalia. Leaving a bitter Duke of Brunswick to seek refuge in Austria, and plot his revenge.

Infantry and Artillery 1809
Friederich Wilhelm of Brunswick (The Black Duke) went into an agreement with the Austrians, to form a corps to invade
his former lands in an attempt to raise the people against their french overlords. The infantry was to consist of 1000 men,
organized into 1 regiment, of 2 batallions, each with 4 companies. They also were provided with a horse artillery battery
consisting of 2 7 pdr. howitzers, and 2 6 pdr. cannons. 

Cavalry 1809
The cavalry was organised into a single Hussar regiment consisting of 8 squadrons adding to a total of around 1000 officers
and men. The duke angered at the disgrace of his lands and titles, outfitted all his troops in the famous black uniforms
with the "Death's Head' badge on the shako to symbolize their hatred and vengeance. The duke was then known as
"Der Schwarzer Herzog"(The Black Duke), and his troops were known as "Die Schwarze Schar"(The Black Band), and their war
cry was "Sieg oder Tod"(Victory or Death!)

The Fight to the Coast
The Black duke seperated himself from the Austrians, and raised some new battalions and squadrons to aid him in his fight
to the german coast, so that they could seek refuge on a Brittish warship. Thus a 3rd infantry batallion was raised,
along with around 150 Sharfschueten(Sharpshooters). Along with the new infantry battalion, a squadron of Uhlans(lancers)
was raised.

The 1815 Campaign
After the first abdication the Balck Duke was restored to power and set about rebuilding his army. By January 1815 the
Brunswick forces consisted of the following:

The Avantgarde- original infantry of the black band, consisiting of 2 light companies, and 2 new jaeger companies 
The Leib batallion- This was the "Life" or Life Guard battalion formed from a cadre of the old Black Band. 
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Light Batallions, consisting of newly recruited troops. 
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Line Batallions 
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reserve Infantry batallions. 
Hussar regiment: Including a squadron of Uhlans(all newly raised as the old regiment was still in Brittish service) 
1 Foot battery-8 Guns 190 men 1 Horse battery-8 Guns 230 men 


GREAT-BRITAIN :

In 1805 the British army is at first made up of three regiments of the foot guard and ninety six regiments of line
infantry. In principal regiments have three battalions, two in the field and one at the camp, but the battalions are
mostly used isolated, the regiment representing only a non-operational, administrational unit.

A battalion contains ten companies: one a light company and one, grenadiers. Each company has on the average about
seventy men; in general companies of guards and regiments of highlanders have more men.

Experiences in the American War of Independence showed the English the importance of light troops. That is why
Sir John Moore set up in this service three regiments, the forty third, the fifty second and the ninety fifth.
In 1809 four other regiments are converted into light infantry, the sixty eighth, the seventy first, the eighty fifth
and the ninetieth. Finally, it should be noted that the two units are armed with rifled carbines; these are the riflemen
of the ninety fifth and the fifth battalion of the sixtieth.

The cavalry includes 

the regiment of the horse guard 
the two regiments of life guards 
7 guard regiments of dragoons 
twenty five regiments of dragoons, the first six heavy, the rest light. 
In principle each regiment has four squadrons of about one hundred twenty men, although in practice regiments are found
which contain only two or three squadrons.

Finally, the essential equipment of the artillery is nine pound cannon for the foot artillery and six for the Royal
Horse Artillery, with five and one half inch mortars. The famous Congreve rockets are Rube Goldberg as far as serious
use on the battlefield is concerned.

Divisional organization.

When Wellington arrived in the peninsula in 1808 the British army was still organized only on the basis of brigades.
Beginning in 1809 Wellington introduced the organization in divisions, four of them at first, then up to eight in 1812,
with an additional Portuguese division. The first seven divisions were numbered; the eighth was known only as "the light
division".

The divisions generally included two English brigades and one foreign, King's German Legion for the first division and
Portuguese for the others. The second division had three British brigades, but since it often operated separately under
General Hill with the Portuguese Hamilton division, the group was rather the equivalent of a small Anglo- portuguese army
corps.

The light division had its own organization, each of two brigades containing

one battalion of English light infantry 
one battalion of Portuguese cacadores (chasseurs) 
four rifle companies of the ninety fifth. 
Finally, up to 1813 the seventh division also contained a high proportion of light troops.

The King's German Legion (KGL)

The German legion of the king was originally made up of Hanoverians who had fled from the electorate when it was
occupied by French troops in 1803. From January of 1805 it included

cavalry brigade: one regiment of heavy dragoons and one of hussars (four squadrons each) 
light infantry brigade: first and second battalions 
first line brigade: first and second battalions 
second line brigade: third and fourth battalions 
artillery: two horse batteries and three foot. 
At the beginning of 1806 the second regiment of heavy dragoons and the second and third regiments of hussars are recruited
as well as three new battalions of line infantry. A little later there are the eighth line battalion and the fourth foot
battery.

These troops wear the British uniform, except for a few minute details, and are organized in the same way as the English
troops. 



HANOVER :

Dissolved in July of 1803, the army of Hanover would not be reformed until 1813 for the second war of liberation.
As for the infantry, it includes ten regular battalions, called Feld-bataillone, and numerous battalions of Landwehr.

Infantry:

The new regular units are the Feld-bataillone. At Waterloo we shall find the following

Bremen 
Verden 
Yorck 
Lueneburg 
Grubenhagen 
Lauenburg 
Calenburg 
Hoya. 
Beginning with February of 1815 each of these Feld-bataillone is given three battalions of Landwehr, forming thus a new
regiment. But often on the battlefield battalions can regain their independence. Thus the Feld-bataillone Verden is
associated with the three following Landwehr battalions:

Verden 
Bremelehe 
Harburg. 

In 1814 there are twenty seven Landwehr battalions (they will be increased to thirty); each with four companies.
They don't have light companies or grenadiers. Here is a list of these Landwehr battalions:

Muenden 
Northeim 
Osterode 
Hanover 
Hameln 
Alfeld (later Einbeck) 
Hildesheim 
Peine 
Goslar (later Salzgitter) 
Celle 
Gifhorn 
Ulzen 
Lueneburg 
Harburg 
Luechow 
Stade 
Ottendorf 
Bremervoerde 
Verden 
Bremerlehe (later Osterholz) 
Hoya 
Osnabrueck 
Bentheim 
Meppen 
Nienburg 
Quackenbrueck 
Iburg (later Melle) 
and afterwards three supplementary :

Springe 
Diepholz 
Ratzeburg. 
There is also a corps of jaegers, the Feldjaegerkorps von Kielmannsegge, formed in the spring of 1813. At the star
 it has two companies. then increases to four in October of 1813. The corps is dissolved in September of 1814, then reformed
in 1815. It fights at Waterloo. It is equipped with rifled carbines.

Cavalry:

It is made up of three hussar regiments:

the regiment of Lueneburg, called the Prince Regent 
the regiment of Breme and Verden 
the regiment of the duke of Cumberland 
Each regiment of the hussars is initially made up of three squadrons, later four, having an effective of one hundred fifty
sabers in two companies.

Artillery:

Two foot batteries are present at Waterloo. 


NASSAU :

At the beginning of the Napoleonic wars, each of the three houses of Nassau – Nassau-Weilburg, Nassau-Usingen and
Nassau-Oranien – reigned over its own principality.
Friedrich-Wilhelm, prince of Nassau-Weilburg and Friedrich-August prince of Nassau-Usingen joined the Rhine Confederation
on July 12, 1806. On August 30 both dukes signed a treaty that unified their territories in the duchy of Nassau.
Friedrich-August of Usingen became duke of Nassau while Friedrich-Wilhelm took the title of prince of Nassau. Wiesbaden
was designated as capital city of the new duchy.
The duchy leaved the Confederation to join the Allied side on 16 November 1813 and its armed forces took part in the
campaign of France in 1814 and Belgium in 1815.
Wilhelm VI, Stathouder of the united Provinces and prince of Nassau-Oranien lose all his possessions during the
revolutionary wars and was granted with the principality of Fulda in compensation. However he was deprived of this last
territory in 1806 as he dared to support Prussia against the Emperor.
He recovered his Oranien principality and the sovereignty over United Netherlands in 1813, to be crowned as Wilhelm Ist
in march 1815. The principality of Oranien is ceded in May 1815 to Prussia in exchange with the duchy of Luxemburg.


SWEDEN :

At the outbreak of the Napoleonic wars Sweden, once a great power, was politically as well as economically only a middling
power in the game of European power politics. With a population of only 3.4 million, Finland and Swedish Pomerania included,
and the public finances based almost solely on a weak agrarian sector it would certainly have been in Sweden’s best interest
to stay out of the huge conflagration engulfing the European continent in the years 1805 to 1815. That was not to be; Sweden
was to fight no less than four campaigns during the Napoleonic wars, and even if the forces involved and the casualties
suffered in theses campaigns were small compared to those of the huge campaigns fought by the great powers of the time, for
Sweden they meant a considerable commitment in both money and manpower, and actually brought the country to the brink of
destruction. 
Two of these campaigns, the farcical little war against France in Swedish Pomeranian the years 1805 - 1807, and the epic
struggle against Russia and Denmark-Norway in 1808 - 1809 were fought solely due to the incompetence and pig-headed
stupidity of king Gustavus Adolphus IV (1792 - 1809). Gustavus wisely kept Sweden out of the Revolutionary wars and joined
the armed neutrality with Denmark and Russia in 1800 to keep out of harms way, but his mind changed after the arrest and
execution of the duc d’Enghien in 1804, an event which led Gustavus to view Napoleon as nothing short of evil incarnate,
as a man capable of any heinous act to topple the righteous rulers and nobles of the ancient regime. After the d’Enghien
affair no such trifling matters as the political interests or actual resources of his country could stop Gustavus from
fighting the blood-drenched usurper that ruled France. 

Thus Sweden joined the third coalition and sent a field army to Pomerania to serve the allied cause. This led to the first
campaign the Swedish army was to fight during the Napoleonic wars: the Pomeranian campaign, from 1805 to 1807,
in which Gustavus botched every military and diplomatic move, and which had no impact whatsoever on the epic campaigns
fought on the continent during the same years. After the treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander the Swedish
position in Pomeranian became untenable and the province was evacuated and left for the French to occupy. 

Since Gustavus still refused to come to terms with his evil adversary, Napoleon prompted Russia and Denmark to declare
war on Sweden in 1808. This coalition proved to be too much for Sweden’s meagre resources. Despite heroic efforts from
the army, which suffered horrendous casualties, the war was lost, and Finland had to be handed over to the Russians, though
Sweden did survive as a political entity. Gustavus, whose military incompetence only aggravated matters, never had to come
to terms with the Russians and the Danes himself; in the spring 1809, half a year before the peace treaties were signed, he
was ousted from power by a military coup. Thus the years 1808 and 1809 was nothing short of a national disaster for Sweden:
the public finances almost bankrupt, the king expelled and a third of the country’s area and a fourth of it’s population
lost. 

Gustavus was replaced on the throne by his frail old uncle, Charles XIII (1809 - 1818). Charles was childless and after
a somewhat strange turn of events the disgraced French Marshal Jean Baptist Bernadotte was adopted by him in 1810 and made
crown prince of Sweden. Soon Bernadotte was promoted to generalissimo over the armed forces and became de facto ruler
of Sweden. The political and military elite of Sweden hoped that Bernadotte would join Napoleon in the war against Russia
to win Finland back but wisely he choose to fight against his old master instead and joined the allied cause. Thus Sweden
came to fight in its third campaign of the Napoleonic wars: that against France in 1813 - 1814 alongside Austria,
Great Britain, Prussia and Russia. The payment for Bernadotte services to the allied cause was Norway, so after Napoleon
had surrendered in 1814 the Swedish army participated in its fourth and final campaign in the Napoleonic wars: the conquest
of Norway in 1814. Thus Bernadotte did redeem Sweden’s fortunes, and made up for the loss of Finland, though not in they way
originally hoped by those who helped him to power. (Wikander, passim.) 


WURTTEMBERG :

The Württemberg duchy joins the French side as soon as 1805. As a reward duke Friedrich is crowned as king on 1 January
1806 and the new kingdom joins the Confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806 (Treaty of Paris, the federal contingent
fixed at 18000 men). His army comprises at that time :

One Life Guards squadron 
One Foot Guards battalion 
Seven line infantry regiments 
Two light infantry battalions 
Two foot chasseurs battalions 
Two chasseurs à cheval regiments 
Two light horses regiments 
One horse artillery battery 
Two foot artillery batteries 
Each infantry regiment comprises one battalion of four musketeers companies, each company established at 160 men.
Light infantry and chasseurs battalions have four companies too with same establishment. Each cavalry regiment comprises
3 squadrons each established between 160 and 180 men. Between 1807 and 1808, all regiments are gradually increased to two
battalions : first one with one grenadiers and three musketeers companies, second one with four musketeers companies.

For the 1809 campaign, all infantry regiments are established at two battalions and cavalry regiments at four squadron.
Württemberg forces are gathered in a corps under command of the French general VANDAMME composed of one infantry division
(two brigades each of two regiments and one with the four light troops battalions) and one cavalry division.

The same year an 8th regiment of line infantry is raised as well as a regiment of dragoons. The Guard cavalry is augmented
to regimental strength comprising one squadron of Life Chasseurs, one of Life Guards and two of horse grenadiers.

During Russian campaign Württemburg troops make up two divisions of the French IIIe corps under command of marshall NEY :

25th division of three brigades ; two with each two line infantry regiments and one chasseurs battalion and one with two
light battalions. 
The light cavalry division including both regiments of light horses and one chasseurs à cheval regiment
(this division will leave the corps latter in the campaign). 
One line infantry regiment is on garrison duty in Dantzig. 
On 23 October 1813 following the Leipzig disaster the kingdom go over to the Allied side.














